ABSTRACT
This paper estimates the asymmetric relationship between the crude oil market, stock market and COVID-19 pandemic in the case of KSA during the period of March 15, 2020–February 03, 2021. Nonlinear and long-run asymmetric cointegration were utilized for comprehensive research on this topic. Our findings are as follows: positive and negative shocks to the COVID-19 pandemic reduce stock market. Moreover, positive shock to crude oil market increases stock market, but negative shock has a negative and insignificant effect. Based on the results, this study concludes with suitable policy prescription. © 2022, Econjournals. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
-Based on a review of literature dealing with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on international transactions, it should be noted that this pandemic in the world has led to a radical change in several areas. In this article, we have chosen to focus on the sectors that are strongly affected by this pandemic, namely the oil sector and not forgetting to study fluctuations related to the metals sector (gold). Indeed, the oil sector is a market that is well affected by this pandemic, which has caused significant price fluctuations. That is why this study is trying to identify the impact of this pandemic on this sector. Similarly, due to the lack of stability in the prices of metals (particularly gold), this leads us to analyze and process these fluctuations in order to determine the effect caused by the pandemic. Finally, to clarify our research questions, a study based on the scenario model is retained to identify the impact of Covid-19 on each of these variables, at the beginning and to verify the effect between all these variables, thereafter. The obtained results demonstrate that the pandemic affects negatively Oil prices. On the contrary, the high number of infected people leads to the rise in gold price during the forecast period. © 2022, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
-Despite efforts by some governments to encourage online commerce during the pandemic, it remains out of reach for some groups due to entrenched digital divides. Additionally, regulations that are not suitable for e-commerce can create barriers for businesses. Although many of these challenges predate the outbreak of the virus, the current crisis and the new role of e-commerce for consumers and businesses heightens the need for public action. This research aimed to study the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on customer orientation in electronic commerce by understanding the influence of precautionary measures (home quarantine, travel limits, anxiety, and psychological anxiety) on electronic commerce (e-commerce). For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample size of 492 individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Further, to analyze the study data, the SEM structural equations method was used via the Smart PLS. After analyzing and testing the hypotheses of the study, it was found that there is a direct positive impact of the emerging coronavirus (COVID-19) on customer behavior toward e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. There is a positive, direct effect of home quarantine on the orientation of individuals toward e-commerce. Moreover, there is a positive, direct impact of movement restriction on the orientation of individuals toward e-commerce. Finally, there is a positive, direct effect of psychological anxiety on the attitude of individuals toward e-commerce. © 2022, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. All rights reserved.